Posted on 06/20/24
A 3,300-year-old ship’s cargo with hundreds of intact amphorae discovered 90 km from shore at a depth of 1.8 km on the Mediterranean Sea floor
This is the most ancient ship ever found in the world in the deep seas – ninety kilometers from northern Israel’s coast * This dramatic find is the first proof of its kind attesting to the skill of ancient mariners – they were able to traverse the sea without a line of sight to the coast * The ship’s cargo was found during a standard seafloor survey by Energean, a leading natural gas E&P company operating in the East Mediterranean, and is being investigated by the Israel Antiquities Authority * In response to this discovery Energean mounted a unique operation to physically extract and bring up sample vessels from the ship * The vessels will be presented to the public in the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, which will soon host a limited series of tours
A ship’s cargo from 3,300—3,400 years ago From )14-13th century BCE(, with hundreds of intact vessels, was found at the incredible depth of 1.8 kilometers on the Mediterranean Sea floor. The cargo was found during a standard survey executed by Energean -a leading E&P natural gas company, who operates the Karish, Karish North, Katlan and Tanin offshore fields near Israel. The contents were positively identified as Late Bronze Age Canaanite storage vessels by the Israel Antiquities Authority.
Jacob Sharvit, Head of the Israel Antiquities Authority Marine Unit, explains, “The ship seems to have sunk in crisis, either due to a storm or to an attempted piracy attack – a well-known occurrence in the Late Bronze Age. This is both the first and the oldest ship found in the Eastern Mediterranean deep sea, ninety kilometers from the nearest shore. This is a world-class history-changing discovery: This find reveals to us as never before the ancient mariners’ navigational skills – capable of traversing the Mediterranean Sea without a line of sight to any coast. From this geographical point, only the horizon is visible all around. To navigate they probably used the celestial bodies, by taking sightings and angles of the sun and star positions.”
“As part of our ongoing activity to discover and extract natural gas from the deep sea, we conduct surveys that check different parameters, using an advanced submersible robot to scour the seafloor,” says Dr. Karnit Bahartan, Environmental Lead at Energean. “About a year ago, during a survey, we saw the unusual sight of what seemed to be a large pile of jugs heaped on the seafloor. We are in ongoing contact with the Israel Antiquities Authority, and when we sent them the images it turned out to be a sensational discovery, far beyond what we could imagine.”
In light of this discovery’s tremendous importance Energean rose to the occasion and dedicated a team to work together with Israel Antiquities Authority experts to closely investigate the boat, using their “Energean Star” ship equipped to conduct deep-sea work. The company’s technicians planned a unique, complex operation and even built a special tool to enable extracting artifacts with minimal risk of damage to the entire assemblage.
“The robot’s survey and mapping of the site clarified this to be a sunken ship ca. 12-14 meters long that was transporting hundreds of vessels, of which only some are visible above the ocean floor. The muddy bottom conceals a second layer of vessels, and it seems that wooden beams of the ship are also buried within the mud,” says Sharvit.
In the course of two days of work at sea, the Energean team extracted two vessels, each from a different extremity of the ship, to minimize disturbances to the intact assemblage of the boat and its cargo.
“The vessel type identified in the cargo was designed as the most efficient means of transporting relatively cheap and mass-produced products such as oil, wine and other agricultural products such as fruit. Finding such a great quantity of amphorae on board one single ship is testimony to significant commercial ties between their country of origin and the ancient Near Eastern lands on the Mediterranean coast”, says Sharvit.
He adds: “This is a truly sensational find. Only two other shipwrecks with cargo are known from the Late Bronze Age in the Mediterranean Sea – the boat from Cape Gelidonya and the Uluburun boat; both found off the Turkish coast. Yet both of those shipwrecks were found relatively near the shore, and were accessible using normal diving equipment. Based on these two finds, the academic assumption until now was that trade in that time was executed by safely flitting from port to port, hugging the coastline within eye contact. The discovery of this boat now changes our entire understanding of ancient mariner abilities: It is the very first to be found at such a great distance with no line of sight to any landmass. There is tremendous potential here for research: The ship is preserved at such a great depth that time has frozen since the moment of disaster – its body and contexts have not been disturbed by human hand (divers, fishermen, etc.); nor affected by waves and currents which do impact shipwrecks in shallower waters.”
Shaul Zemach, Energean Israel CEO, addresses the company’s decision to execute such a complicated operation to extract archaeological artifacts from the ocean floor: “The ongoing relationship with the Israel Antiquities Authority is an inseparable element of Energean’s connection to the community, and exemplifies our commitment to society and to the environment. In this complex project our team exhibited extraordinary professionalism, and we are happy to be partners to a discovery of this magnitude.”
Eli Escusido, Israel Antiquities Authority Director, says, “The important significance of these finds prompted a decision to exhibit these Canaanite vessels extracted from the seafloor, and to thus tell the public the story of this boat, in the framework of opening the Archaeological Campus for “sample taste” tours this summer. These visits will afford people a glimpse of this unique edifice, its mosaics and laboratories, even before the official opening of our expansive visitor center, currently scheduled two years from today. I earnestly thank Energean for their alertness in identifying this ancient cargo, and for dedicating the resources which have already enabled initial understandings gleaned from this rare shipwreck.”
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1-2. The world's oldest known deep-sea ship cargo. Photo: Energean
3. The "Energean Star" ship. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
4. The robot through which the rare ship cargo was discovered. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
5-6. A Canaanite jar being retrieved by a robot from a depth of 1.8 km. Photo: Energean
7. The ship's control room. The jars were fully retrieved from the depths of the sea in a complex operation by Energean. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
8-10. Moments of the jars' retrieval from the water in a special basket built for them. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
11. Dr. Bahartan and Jacob Sharvit with the ancient jars. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
12-13. The Canaanite jars exposed to daylight after more than 3,300 years. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
13. Jacob Sharvit, Head of the Israel Antiquities Authority Marine Unit. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
14. Organic material retrieved from the jars. The contents will be subjected to research. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
15-16. The ancients navigated the deep sea as early as 3,300 years ago -without seeing the shoreline. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
17. The jars and their contents were taken for research at the laboratories of the Israel Antiquities Authority in Jerusalem. Photo: Emil Aladjem, Israel Antiquities Authority
18. The Israel Antiquities Authority will present findings from the shipwreck to the public during the summer months at The Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Jerusalem.
Additional Historical Background:
“In seeking to understand the boat’s story, one has to know the historical context in which it operated, and the milieu of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, over 3200 years ago,” says Jacob Sharvit of the Israel Antiquities Authority. “During this period, international commerce significantly increased. Organized commercial networks developed including tax collection and governmental (royal) economy and trade supervision. Technological qualities of the ships greatly improved, enabling great volumes of goods to be transported. This raised the status of port cities such as Canaanite Byblos and the other Phoenician cities. We have documentation from this period of maritime military expeditions, such as the text on Thutmose III’s palace walls at Karnak describing his fifth campaign to Syria and the Land of Israel. In this campaign many Canaanite vessels laden with goods were captured. Merchandise of this kind was exported in amphorae and reached far to the west – to the Aegean Sea, to Crete, and to Mycenean Greek centers of power. In the famous scene from Qenamon’s tomb in Thebes, it depicts unloading goods, including sealed amphorae from Canaanite boats.
Maritime trade flourished through to the second half of the Late Bronze Age, even though inland trade routes were weakened. During this period a new maritime player appeared in the Eastern Mediterranean, “the Sea Peoples”, who were active in piracy; disrupting the Egyptian maritime trade routes with the Levantine coast. That situation held true until the end of the twelfth century BCE, when society shifted to land-intensive agriculture instead of relying on maritime trade. Thus, the period of this boat’s activity was rife with struggles with waves of immigration as well as pirates raiding mercantile ships. We can conclude that the ship sank either from a storm at sea or from pirate-inflicted damage. It is quite possible that answers to these questions will be forthcoming from further research on the boat – or they may remain unsolved until extensive excavation is executed on the ship, using advance technologies.”
